Right now I can access my Rabobank account and all its settings through their website. To log in I insert my debit card into a little device called a “Rabo Reader”, enter my pin and scan a “color code” (QR code, but with coloured dots) on the website. The Rabo Reader then generates and displays a one-time code I can use to log in.

IIRC ING texts the one-time code to your phone.

When doing an iDeal payment, you are usually redirected to a page with a QR code you can scan with your banking app. However, there is also an option on the page to select your bank and authorize the payment through your bank’s website. I wouldn’t be surprised if the latter option is phased out when iDeal merges with/turns into Wero, though.

For the foreseeable future all in-store payments using debit cards are going through Mastercard or Visa, both American companies.